Localization and Internationalization

Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one another,"Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly", And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth"

And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. And the Lord said, "Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language;and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them.Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another's speech"...

-Genesis

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Unicode

Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. Developed in tandem with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, Unicode consists of a character repertoire, an encoding methodology and set of standard character encodings, a set of code charts for visual reference, an enumeration of character properties such as upper and lower case, a set of reference data computer files, and rules for normalization, decomposition, collation and rendering.

The Unicode Consortium, the non-profit organization that coordinates Unicode's development, has the ambitious goal of eventually replacing existing character encoding schemes with Unicode and its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes, as many of the existing schemes are limited in size and scope and are incompatible with multilingual environments. Unicode's success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread and predominant use in the internationalization and localization of computer software. The standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including XML, the Java (programming language)|Java programming language and modern operating systems.

More details at

Internationalized Resource Identifiers

Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRI) is also known as Multilingual Web Addresses. Currently Web addresses are typically expressed using Uniform Resource Identifiers or URIs. This restricts Web addresses to a small number of characters: basically, just upper and lower case letters of the English alphabet, European numerals and a small number of symbols. Recent developments enable you to add non-ASCII characters to Web addresses.

Detailed information is available from An Introduction to Multilingual Web Addresses

Input Methods

Input methods are applications or software components that convert users key strokes into symbols, characters or words.

An input method editor (IME) is a program or operating system component that allows computer users to enter characters and symbols not found on their keyboard. This, for instance, allows the user of a Western keyboard to input Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Indic characters.

This is intended as a non-exhaustive list of input methods for UNIX platforms.

Name	Languages supported	Implementations supported
SCIM	Multiple languages, including CJK	GTK+ , Qt and XIM
uim	Multiple languages, including CJK	GTK+, Qt, XIM, Leim, Tty (Unix) and TSM (Mac OS X)
xcin	Mainly for traditional Chinese; adapted for use for simplified Chinese.	XIM
InputKing	Traditional Chinese and simplified Chinese.	Browser based.
im-ja	Japanese	GTK+ and XIM
kinput2	Japanese	XIM, kinput2 protocol
ami	Korean	XIM
imhangul	Korean	GTK+
Nabi	Korean	XIM
qimhangul	Korean	Qt
xvnkb	Vietnamese	XIM
x-unikey	Vietnamese	XIM

Source: wikipedia page on Input Method Editor

Appendix

ISO codes for languages

Refer http://www.unicode.org/unicode/onlinedat/languages.html

Unicode Ranges

Refer the Unicode charts http://unicode.org/charts/

References

Java Internationalization, Andrew Deitsch and David Czarnecki, O'Reilly, First Edition,2001,p 1-15