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IT at School/HOWTOs
Grub floppy creation Insert a blank floppy disk into the floppy drive and type the following command in the terminal
su - (change to super user)
grub-floppy /dev/fd0
after this command that floppy will became a grub floppy Grub cd creationFirst log in as root ,take the terminal and type the following commands
mkdir –p iso/boot/grub it will create a folder named iso in root’s home folder.That contain boot ,that boot contain grub folders
cp /lib/grub/i386-pc/stage2_eltorito iso/boot/grub (enter)
mkisofs –R –b boot/grub/stage2_eltorito –no-emul-boot –boot-load-size 4 –boot-info-table –o grub.iso iso Grub editing by using grub floppy/cd If you are editing grub using grub floopy set the floppy drive as first boot device in BOIS
If you are editing grub using grub CD set the CDdrive as first boot device in BOIS
Then we get a terminal with grub> ,Then type the following commands
root (hd0, Press double tab , then it shows all partion in that disk, find out linux partition number which is the line containing ext2fs and ended with 0x83 suppose that number is 4
root (hd0,4) enter
kernel /boot/vm (Press tab key) root=dev/hda5 enter key
initrd /boot/initrd (Press tab key) enter key
boot
Then it will began to boot ,after booting take a root terminal, type the command
grub-install /dev/hda to install that grub on to the master boot record
Deb Cd Creation
All down loaded packages will be down loaded into
/var/cache/apt/archieves copy all packages without partial folder and create a foldera folder named deb in user’s home directory and paste it into that folder
than take a terminal ,type this command
apt-ftparchive packages deb | gzip > Packages.gz Then it will create a folder named Packages.gz in home directory Burn the 2 folders (deb and Packages.gz)by using gnome baker to create a DEB CD
CD ImageCreation
To create a image of a cd Insert the cd, take a root terminal , type the following command
dd if=/dev/hdc of=anyname.iso
then it will create an iso image of that CD in home directory
synaptic package manager
This software help you to install/remove new/existing packages into ur it@school linux operating system
Desktop ->administration -> synapticpackagemanager
package installation from deb cd
edit->add CD rom
Then an index file of that deb cd will be created on repository
Package installation from internet
Settings->repository->new
Eg: URL: http://ftp.debian.org/debian
Distribution : stable
section : main
Next ok button, reload.then it will download an index files(repository) from http://ftp.debian.org/debian )
Now repositories are added , For to install a package in both cases first
Click status->not installed
Then it will shows all not installed packages, click any packages then type the name of your package which you want to install,then it will shows that package
Right click->mark for installation->mark->applay->tobe installed->apply
Then it will began to install that package from internet
Remote desktop by using vnc viewer
Before starting it you have to do some settings
Application->systemtool->login screen setup
In security option unmark disallow TCP connection
In XDMCP ,enable XDMCP
Now settings are ok
Then application->run application
Type xvncviewer
Run
Type the ip address of the system ,which you want to see the desktop
Press big enter key only
Remote desktop from command terminal
Press Alt+clt+f1
Log in as root
type
X : 1 –query ipadress
Then you can log in to that system
For to get our own system’s desktop press alt+f7
For to get other’s system’s desktop press alt+f8
for to get next system’s desktop
alt+clt+f2
type
X : 1 –query ipadress
Then you can log in to that system
For to get our own system’s desktop press alt+f7
For to get 1st system’s desktop press alt+f8
For to get 2st system’s desktop press alt+f9
Similarly 5 system’s desktops can see ( alt+f7 to alt +f12,)
For to disconnect from one connection
Take the corresponding terminal press clt+c
Malayalam font installation (for browsers)
Take mozilla web browser
Type www.google.com
Type matweb.ttf
Save all Malayalam fonts into your system , in default it will save into your home directory
Create a folder named .fonts in to your home directory
Copy all saved fonts and paste into .fonts folder
Next take a terminal
fc-cache
now fonts are installed, close all areary opened browsers
ip address assigning
desktop->administration->networking
root password
etho0 -. > properties
eg:
ip: 192.168.0.1
subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
gateway : ip addr of the net connected system
press ok
press dns, add button to add the dns ip
press ok
how to find out your ip address
take terminal
su –
ifconfig
To find out whether your system is connected to other system
Ping ip addr of other systems ip address
Commandline
In default there are 7 terminal they are 1,2,3,…….7. It can opened by pressing clt+alt+f1,clt+alt+f2,…………..,clt+alt+f7 are the command promt clt+alt+f7 is graphical mode.
When we press the clt+alt+f1 terminal 1 is open then it will show login name & password
For example
Login name : debian
Password: ********
Then it show as debian(username)@debian(hostname)~(home directory)$ (normal user)
If it super it will be like this debian(host)~(home directory)#(super user)
Command Pwd ->present working directory
ls -> list directory and file
ls –l ( list the directory and file in details)
ls –a (list the hidden files)
Shortcuts in the command promt
Clt+a = the beginning of the command
Clt+e = the end of the command Clt+k=the right side will be deleted
Clt+u=the left side will be deleted
If want more about a command just
debian@debian$ man (command) for example man ls
if want to know brief idea about the command just type
debian@debian~$ whatis (command) for example whatis ls
command to find a vga card
debian@debian~$ lspci |grep VGA
command to redirect a command output to a file
debian@debian~$ command > filename for example
debian@debian~$ lspci > file.txt
short cut in command
debian@debian~$ alias c=clear
Short cut in the Graphical mode
How to run as root user in graphic mode when you login as normal user
Just press alt+f2 then you will get run terminal box type gksu nautilus After that you will get home directory of root in graphical How we can edit root user privilege file when we login as normal user
Just press alt+f2 then you will get run terminal box type gksu gedit
After that you will get gedit with root privilege